Chapter 14 - Review

Chapter 14 - Persuasive Speaking
 Practice Quiz 
1

    After spending several days in Cincinnati, Dayton, Columbus, Toledo, and Cleveland, Mathias makes some conclusions about life in Ohio. This form of reasoning is called __________.
                       
    reasoning from sign
                       
    deductive reasoning
                       
    reasoning from specific instances
                       
    reasoning from causes and effects


 2

    __________ appeals are appeals to your listeners’ feelings, needs, desires, and wants.
                       
    Credibility
                       
    Cognitive
                       
    Emotional
                       
    Logical


 3

    What is the first thing a persuasive speaker must do if he or she is using the motivated sequence organizational pattern?
                       
    establish his or her personal expertise
                       
    advance a proposal to the audience
                       
    establish the need for change in listeners’ minds
                       
    gain listeners’ attention


 4

    “My doctor told me never to buy a Chevy, because they are not well-made cars. And I trust him. He is a highly educated individual, after all.” This logical fallacy is an example of __________.
                       
    an appeal to authority
                       
    an ad hominem attack
                       
    the slippery slope
                       
    cognitive dissonance


 5

    Which type of supporting material might you use in a persuasive speech that you would not likely use in an informative speech?
                       
    emotional appeals
                       
    quotations
                       
    models
                       
    illustrations


 6

    Victoria is presenting a persuasive speech to a group from Mexico. You correctly advise her to __________.
                       
    stress independence, uniqueness, and nonconformity
                       
    be vague and ambiguous when you present support for your positions
                       
    make plenty of references to important and prominent people
                       
    stress future rewards rather than short-term rewards


 7

    Questions of __________ concern what is or is not true.
                       
    value
                       
    fact
                       
    demonstration
                       
    policy


 8

    Which of the following thesis statements is clearly designed for a persuasive speech on a  of value?
                       
    Mayor Anderson is guilty of campaign fraud.
                       
    Rap music leads to violent behavior in listeners.
                       
    Stealing is immoral.
                       
    Emissions from the steel mill are polluting our lakes.


 9

    The purpose of s of policy is to persuade listeners that __________.
                       
    something is true or false
                       
    a particular action is moral or immoral
                       
    a particular procedure is the one to adopt or not to adopt
                       
    something is valuable or not valuable


 10

    If you give a speech of inspiration, you should particularly emphasize __________ appeals.
                       
    emotional
                       
    logical
                       
    ad hominem
                       
    rational


 11

    Which of the following is an example of reasoning from cause and effects?
                       
    If you are sneezing, have a runny nose, a sore throat, and a slight fever, you have a cold.
                       
    The doorbell is ringing, so there must be someone at the door.
                       
    I notice that flags are flying at half-mast all over town, so I suppose someone important has died.
                       
    Obesity can lead to high blood pressure, heart attack, blocked arteries and numerous other health problems.


 12

    If the motivated sequence has been used effectively, the last audience question the speaker should answer is __________.
                       
    “Is this topic worth my time?”
                       
    “What can I do to effect this change?”
                       
    “What are some further details about this topic?”
                       
    “Why do I need to know about this topic?”


 13

    At your graduation ceremony, you are likely to hear a(n) __________.
                       
    acceptance speech
                       
    goodwill speech
                       
    eulogy
                       
    commencement speech


 14

    Persuasion is most effective when __________.
                       
    listeners demand extensive evidence before making changes
                       
    it strives for small changes and works over a period of time
                       
    the speaker is addressing an audience that is opposed to the speaker’s position
                       
    sweeping change is demanded in an extremely confrontational style


 15

    If you show your audience that you share with them important attitudes, beliefs, and values, you will be more likely to advance your persuasive goal.

    True

    False


 16

    It is possible to give a speech in which you attempt to move your listeners in one direction but actually succeed in moving them in the opposite direction.

    True

    False


 17

    Betty is delivering a persuasive speech about the need to raise taxes. She knows that most of her listeners will not agree with her position. In this case, Betty should __________.
                       
    lead with her thesis
                       
    pretend that she is on the listeners’ side
                       
    present her case inductively rather than deductively
                       
    give her evidence and argument first


 18

    You cite a prominent climatologist’s views as evidence in your persuasive speech about global warming. Later, an audience member says to you, “How can we believe someone like that? I read that she cheated on her husband and walked out on her family!” This is an example of a(n) __________.
                       
    appeal to pity
                       
    ad hominem argument
                       
    personal interest attack
                       
    appeal to authority


 19

    According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which of the following is the most basic human need?
                       
    safety needs
                       
    physiological needs
                       
    belonging and love needs
                       
    self-esteem needs


 20

    If you are giving a persuasive speech to someone from a __________culture, you would be wise to emphasize the importance of family and national identity and pride.
                       
    collectivist
                       
    long-term orientation
                       
    high-power-distance
                       
    individualistic


 21

    Which of the following is an example of the bandwagon fallacy?
                       
    Several famous actors and celebrities have gone on TV to state that their children’s autism was caused by vaccines.
                       
    Hundreds of thousands of parents agree with me that vaccines caused their children’s autism.
                       
    If you give your child too many vaccines, he or she may well develop autism.
                       
    You laugh at people who say that vaccines cause autism? Well, they laughed at Galileo when he said the earth revolved around the sun, but he turned out to be right, didn’t he?


 22

    Supporting materials that can be used in informative speeches are completely inappropriate for persuasive speeches.

    True

    False


 23

    If a speaker is very passionate about what he or she is saying, you can take that as a sign that the speaker is telling the truth.

    True

    False


 24

    Your __________ is the degree to which your audience regards you as a believable spokesperson.
                       
    personality
                       
    character
                       
    credibility
                       
    charisma


 25

    Speeches on questions of fact fit clearly into a topical organizational pattern.

    True

    False

Practice Quiz  2
 1

    Which of the following is an example of reasoning from effect to cause?
                       
    Smoking contributes to lung cancer.
                       
    The increasing number of hurricanes over the past decade is due to global warming.
                       
    Poverty contributes to low reading scores among elementary school children.
                       
    Driving more than 20 miles over the speed limit leads to increased motor fatalities.


 2

    There are three main ways of using emotional appeals: specific instances, causes and effects, and sign.

    True

    False


 3

    If you are speaking to audience members from cultures low in uncertainty avoidance, remember that __________.
                       
    national identity and pride are very important
                       
    appeals to the new and different will likely be effective
                       
    immediate reward are valued in such cultures
                       
    references to prominent people will prove effective


 4

    From which of Maslow’s motives might a group of homeowners be convinced to form a neighborhood block watch committee?
                       
    safety needs
                       
    belonging and love needs
                       
    physiological needs
                       
    self-actualization needs


 5

    Which of the following statements is an appeal to pity?
                       
    “I read the other day that most people really like the new homeland security laws. I was sort of suspicious of them, but I guess if most people support them they must be okay.”
                       
    “Those crazy right-wingers! They think a strong military is the key to peace!”
                       
    “I’m positive that you will be glad you hired me. I really need the job since my grandmother is sick.”
                       
    “People have believed in God for thousands of years, so it seems clear that God must exist. After all, why else would the belief last so long?”


 6

    If you are using the motivated sequence as a persuasive strategy, the first question you want your audience to ask themselves is __________.
                       
    “how can I do anything about this?”
                       
    “how would anything be improved?”
                       
    “why should I listen to this?”
                       
    “what can I do to effect change?”


 7

    In a speech on s of fact, you will want to emphasize __________.
                       
    logical support
                       
    emotional appeals
                       
    a wide variety of presentation aids
                       
    older sources rather than current ones


 8

    Commencement speeches should usually __________.
                       
    be organized according to a problem-solution pattern
                       
    avoid any kind of motivational message
                       
    not contain any personal message to the graduates
                       
    be fairly brief


 9

    The answers to the questions of fact that persuasive speeches deal with are generally easy to find.

    True

    False


 10

    An appeal to numbers as truth argues that __________.
                       
    a majority does not make a belief true
                       
    the longer an idea is thought to be true, the more likely it is true
                       
    truth is determined by an idea’s popularity
                       
    popular ideas are never correct


 11

    Lana smiles at her audience as she begins speaking, and demonstrates an enthusiastic, emphatic outlook. She chooses vivid language in her descriptions and is obviously committed to her position. Lana is demonstrating her __________ to her listeners.
                       
    honesty
                       
    charisma
                       
    outspokenness
                       
    logic


 12

    When reasoning from __________, you examine several specific instances and then conclude something about the whole.
                       
    deduction
                       
    causes and effects
                       
    induction
                       
    sign


 13

    In her speech urging that the school fire the volleyball coach, Ling says, “You know, Coach Meyers is simply incompetent!” This is an example of __________.
                       
    the slippery slope argument
                       
    name-calling
                       
    an appeal to authority
                       
    an appeal to pity


 14

    “Mom, I know you may think I’m a terrible babysitter, but please believe me when I tell you that I was in the bathroom when Jeremy got into the paint. I’m sorry he splashed paint all over the living room and I promise to be even more careful if you’ll let me babysit again after I clean up the mess.” This is a good example of a(n) __________.
                       
    speech of inspiration
                       
    commencement speech
                       
    goodwill speech
                       
    eulogy


 15

    When you go to a religious service, you are most likely going to hear a(n) __________.
                       
    informative speech
                       
    speech on questions of value
                       
    goodwill speech
                       
    speech on s of policy


 16

    Speeches on questions of value lend themselves to __________ organization.
                       
    structure-function
                       
    spatial
                       
    topical
                       
    multiple-definition


 17

    To demonstrates your __________, show your listeners that you are knowledgeable and thoroughly familiar with your topic.
                       
    candor
                       
    competence
                       
    personality
                       
    character


 18

    Which of the following is the highest of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
                       
    physiological needs
                       
    self-actualization needs
                       
    safety needs
                       
    self-esteem needs


 19

    Which of the following speakers will most likely deliver the most effective persuasive speech?
                       
    Diego’s goal is to convince every retailer in his town to hire only clerks who speak both English and Spanish.
                       
    Andrea hopes to get a pro-life group to favor capital punishment.
                       
    Landon wants to get a veteran’s group to sign his petition to cut U.S. military spending by 90 percent.
                       
    Zoe hopes to convince a group of sedentary adults that at least 10 minutes of exercise twice weekly would benefit them.


 20

    Persuasion often aims to strengthen the views of listeners.

    True

    False


 21

    Grandmother is very conservative politically; she gets all of her news from TV stations that also tend to be conservative. Her behavior follows the principle of __________.
                       
    selective exposure
                       
    cognitive dissonance
                       
    the availability heuristic
                       
    false analogy


 22

    Veronica is presenting a persuasive speech to a group from Great Britain. You correctly advise her to __________.
                       
    use testimonials from people much like the audience members themselves
                       
    emphasize themes such as nonconformity and uniqueness
                       
    stress tradition and appeal to the past
                       
    emphasize the importance of family


 23

    Listeners demand a greater number of reasons and much more evidence before making big changes.

    True

    False


 24

    What makes a speaker credible will vary from one culture to another.

    True

    False


 25

    In his persuasive speech, Jax states, “If the government bans semi-automatic weapons, then the next step will be to ban rifles. If they ban rifles, then they’ll ban all guns. We cannot allow them to ban guns. Thus, we cannot allow them to ban semi-automatic weapons.” Which logical fallacy is at play here?
                       
    slippery slope
                       
    appeal to authority as proof
                       
    ad hominem
                       
    appeal to ignorance

Chapter Quiz 
 1

    Cee Cee is delivering a speech on a question of value. Which of the following s does her audience most likely want answered?
                       
    Are other, more likely, explanations possible?
                       
    Why is this the good or just thing to do?
                       
    How do we know if this is true or false?
                       
    Is this the most likely explanation of the issue?


 2

    Kate tells Nelson that his views on feminism are irrelevant because he is a man. This is an example of a __________.
                       
    character attack
                       
    personal interest attack
                       
    glittering generality
                       
    straw man fallacy


 3

    Lower-level employees tend to try to persuade others more often than higher-level employees.

    True

    False


 4

    Luther’s speech, titled “How to Make Friends,” will likely have special appeal to people at which stage of Maslow’s hierarchy?
                       
    self-esteem
                       
    physiological
                       
    safety
                       
    belonging/love


 5

    If you are delivering a speech to listeners who largely agree with you, you can lead with your thesis.

    True

    False


 6

    Members of individualistic cultures respond well to messages that stress themes such as __________.
                       
    national identity
                       
    brand loyalty
                       
    independence
                       
    family


 7

    When you are at the satisfaction step in your speech, audience members should ideally be thinking __________.
                       
    “tell me more”
                       
    “I can change things”
                       
    “something needs to be done”
                       
    “let me sign up”


 8

    When you learn that Diana is planning on stressing how a new proposed park will benefit the community five and even ten years from now, you know that she will be addressing audience members from a culture __________.
                       
    with a long-term orientation
                       
    low in uncertainty avoidance
                       
    with low power distance
                       
    high in uncertainty avoidance


 9

    Commencement speeches are typically organized according to a __________ pattern.
                       
    temporal
                       
    topical
                       
    pro-and-con
                       
    who? what? when? where? why?


 10

    Which statement about reasoning from specific instances is correct?
                       
    The larger the group you want your conclusion to cover, the greater the number of specific instances you should examine.
                       
    The greater the diversity of items in the class, the fewer specific instances you will need to examine.
                       
    Anecdotal evidence is the best kind of evidence to use when reasoning from specific instances
                       
    This form of reasoning is rarely persuasive in formal speeches, but can be effective in small group settings.


 11

    In order to establish a cause-effect connection, you need to prove that possible causes other than the one you are postulating are not producing the effect.

    True

    False


 12

    Which of the following thesis statements is clearly designed for a persuasive speech on a question of fact?
                       
    This company discriminates against people of color.
                       
    Marijuana should be decriminalized.
                       
    This company should ban smoking everywhere within the building.
                       
    Unvaccinated children should not be permitted to attend public schools.


 13

    The more recent your materials, the more persuasive your speech on questions of fact will be to your audience.

    True

    False


 14

    Which logical fallacy involves the assumption that one event will lead to another event that everyone agrees would be undesirable?
                       
    the slippery slope
                       
    ad hominem attacks
                       
    appeal to ignorance
                       
    appeal to authority


 15

    Emilio wants to convince listeners that his town’s existing policy toward vagrancy is doing more harm than good. He would be wise to organize his speech in a __________ pattern.
                       
    spatial
                       
    structure-function
                       
    cause-to-effect
                       
    multiple-definition


 16

    What is wrong with the following statement: “I'm sure the stock market will rise this year. It usually goes up when the American League wins the World Series.”
                       
    It is an appeal to authority as proof.
                       
    Emotional appeals such as this one are rarely correct.
                       
    Another cause other than the one the speaker is mentioning is likely producing the effect.
                       
    It is a classic example of the bandwagon fallacy.


 17

    Which of the following correct identifies Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, from lowest to highest?
                       
    self-actualization, belonging/love, physiological, safety, self-esteem
                       
    physiological, safety, belonging/love, self-esteem, self-actualization
                       
    safety, physiological, self-esteem, belonging/love, self-actualization
                       
    self-esteem, physiological, belonging/love, safety, self-actualization


 18

    Which of the following is an example of reasoning from sign?
                       
    Obesity can lead to high blood pressure, heart attack, blocked arteries and numerous other health problems.
                       
    Low reading scores among elementary school children are due to poverty.
                       
    We watch too much television and spend too much time sitting in front of computers; that is why so many of us are overweight.
                       
    I saw the mail carrier on the front porch just now, so I must have received some mail today.


 19

    If Elaina wants to assure her audience that she is competent, she should __________.
                       
    tell her listeners how glad she is to be speaking to them today
                       
    mention some of the articles she used to gather information for her speech
                       
    use language that is vivid and concrete rather than colorless and vague
                       
    stress that she has been an active in her church for over 20 years


 20

    Which of the following is an example of an ad hominem argument?
                       
    “The government must either raise taxes or reduce services for the poor.”
                       
    “Why should we worry about endangered animal species when thousands of people are killed in automobile accidents every year?
                       
    “I’m not surprised the governor supports the legalization of marijuana. Her brother was convicted of drug smuggling several years ago.”
                       
    “Of course Greg can prepare great Mexican food; his Chinese cooking is outstanding!”


 21

    When you are addressing a hostile audience, it is especially important for you to focus on large changes.

    True

    False


 22

    Ultimately, your goal in a persuasive speech is to __________.
                       
    strengthen your listeners’ views
                       
    get people to do something
                       
    change your audience’s beliefs
                       
    entertain your listeners


 23

    What is the correct sequence for a speech organized in a motivated sequence?
                       
    attention, visualization, need, satisfaction, action
                       
    visualization, attention, need, action, satisfaction
                       
    attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action
                       
    need, attention, visualization, action, satisfaction


 24

    One way to establish your __________ is to stress fairness in your speech.
                       
    character
                       
    candor
                       
    competence
                       
    charisma


 25

    Which type of reasoning is especially useful when you want to develop a general principle or conclusion but cannot examine every possible example?
                       
    reasoning from specific instances
                       
    reasoning from emotion
                       
    reasoning from cause and effects
                       
    reasoning from sign